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Fushidansekkyo-theme Pages
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The Kamakura period: from 1192 (the third year of kenkyu 
), the year when Minamoto no Yoritomo 
became a Seii Taishogun [Barbarian-quelling Generalissimo], to 1333 (the third year of genko 
), the year when Takatoki Hojo (Hojo, Takatoki), the fourteenth regent of the Kamakura Bakufu [Kamakura Shogunate], was overthrown. Please note that there are various theories as to when the Kamakura period began. The most generally accepted theory determines the year of the beginning of the Kamakura period as 1185 (the first year of bunji), the year when Yoritomo destroyed the Heike (Heike [Taira] clan), and held power over the military and the police force. And there is the theory that considers 1183 (the second year of juei), the year when Yoritomo's administrative authority over the eastern provinces (Togoku 
) was granted, to be the year when the Kamakura period began. Another theory suggests that in 1180 (the fourth year of jisho), Yoritomo raised an army against the Heike, which was the beginning of the Kamakura period.
The Muromachi period: from 1336 (the third year of kenmu 
).
• The words in parentheses in a table cell of the Emperor column are, for an Emperor, 1. the emperor's personal name, 2. his reign in month-day-year format (reigned month.day.year), and, for a Cloistered Emperor, the period of his cloister government in month-day-year format (governed month.day.year), which is displayed in smaller font size and gray font color. "Cloistered Emperor" that precedes a cloistered emperor's name is abbreviated to "CE" in this Emperor column.
• The dominical year in a table cell of the Christian Year column indicates the continuance of the era name. (When set down with the inclusion of the year that a change in era name was instituted, the final year of the era name will be the dominical year enclosed with parentheses and displayed in smaller font size and gray font color.)
• The Japanese Buddhism related events in a table cell of the Japanese Buddhism column are principally limited to those touched upon on the Fushidansekkyo-theme pages. In this column, I use the word "disciple" for the ardent followers that Shinran had, though, as is well known, Shinran refused to recognize any disciples. As for the old province names mentioned in this column, please see simplified border maps of the old provinces with explanations below.
| Emperor | Era Name | Christian Year | Japanese Buddhism |
|---|---|---|---|
CE Goshirakawa (governed 8.11.1158 [hogen 3] to 11.20.1179 [jisho 3]) (A) Emperor Takakura  (Norihito, reigned 2.19.1168 to 2.21.1180) |
angen  |
1175 — 1176 (1177} |
|
jisho  |
1177 — 1180 (1181} |
• A destructive fire called "Taro Jomo  " occurs in Kyoto, and the Outer Palace Precincts, Court noble residences, and over 100 town blocks are lost (4th month, jisho 1: 1177).• Honen leaves Hirodani for Higashiyama Otani (1177). • A very strong earthquake strikes Kinai, and the giant bell and the head (spiral hairs on top) of the Great Buddha fall at Todai-ji (10th month, jisho 1). • A destructive fire called "Jiro Jomo" occurs in Kyoto (4th month, jisho 2: 1178). • An epidemic called "Senbyo" spreads (jisho 3: 1179). • The most current modal songs and ballads called Imayo are in vogue. A collection of the Imayo, Ryojinhisho, might be compiled this year (1179). • The existing first entry of Teika's Meigetsuki (2nd month, jisho 4: 1180). • A tornado (4th month, jisho 4). • The relocation of the capital to Fukuhara, Settsu (6th month, jisho 4). • Yoritomo raises an army (8th month, jisho 4: 1180). • The first record of Kamakura Bakufu's exploits in Azumakagami (1180). • The capital moves back to Kyoto (11th month, jisho 4). • Taira no Shigehira sets fire to the southern capital Nara. Most temple buildings of Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji are destroyed by fire (12th month, jisho 4). • Taira no Kiyomori dies (2nd intercalary month, jisho 5: 1181). |
|
Emperor Antoku  (Tokihito, reigned 2.21.1180 to 3.24.1185) |
yowa  |
1181 (— 1182) |
• Shinran is ordained by Dokai (Jien  ) (spring, jisho 5/yowa 1: 1181).• Jien perceives the manifestation of Kurikara Ryuo during his confinement in Myoo-in on the Katsura River in Omi (summer, yowa 1: 1181).(1) • Nationwide famine of Yowa strikes, and the stench of the countless dead hovers throughout (1181). |
 |
juei  |
1182 — |
• Choken's sermon at the service for Kokamonin  (12th month, juei 1: 1182). |
Emperor Gotoba  (Takahira, reigned 8.20.1183 to 1.11.1198) (2) |
|
— 1184 (1185) |
• Kiso Yoshinaka invades Kyoto. The only day Honen does not study (7th month, juei 2: 1183). • Yoritomo's administrative authority over the eastern provinces is granted by an imperial order called "Jugatsu Senji" of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa (10th month, juei 2: 1183). |
|
genryaku  |
1184 (— 1185) |
• Yoritomo sets up Kumon-jo, a government administrative office that handles official documents, and establishes Monchu-jo, the High Court at Kamakura (1184). • Extraordinary phenomena in heaven (1st month, genryaku 2: 1185).(I) |
|
bunji  |
1185 — 1189 (1190) |
• The Heike is destroyed (3rd month, bunji 1: 1185). • A severe earthquake strikes Omi and Kinai, and takes a heavy toll of lives (7th month, bunji 1: 1185). The main quake and aftershocks going on for about 3 months rattle people, inciting fear of "Heike's curse," while fuelling a view of "all things are impermanent" interacted synergistically with the theory of the "period of the last and decadent Dharma." (II) • Provincial military governors (Shugo) and estate stewards (Jito) are placed (11th month, bunji 1). • Kanezane is appointed a Regent (Prime Minister) (1186). • Honen's Ohara Mondo (Ohara Debate) (1186 or in 1189). • Yosai  (also read as Eisai), founder of Rinzai  Zen, goes to Sung China (2nd time) (bunji 3: 1187).• Honen makes his first appearance before Kanezane (1st of 8th month, bunji5: 1189). • Kanezane accepts the precepts and starts the Nembutsu practice under Honen (8th of 8th month, bunji 5: 1189). • Saigyo  passes away (16th of 2nd month, bunji 6: 1190). |
CE Gotoba (governed 1.11.1198 [kenkyu 9] to 7.6.1221 [jokyu 3]) |
kenkyu |
1190 — 1198 (1199) |
• Honen lectures on Jodo Sanbukyo (the Triple Pure Land Sutras) at Todai-ji (2nd month, kenkyu 1: 1190). • Shoku becomes Honen's disciple (1190). • Yosai returns from Sung China (2nd time) (7th month, kenkyu 2: 1191), and performs Zen sitting meditation, conforming to "Zengi," (3) for the first time in Japan (8th month, kenkyu 2). • Choken's sermon at the Gyakushu service for curing Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa's ailment  (3rd of 12th month, kenkyu 2).• Seikaku's sermon at the Gyakushu service for Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa (22nd of 12th month, kenkyu 2). • Yoritomo is appointed a Seii Taishogun (7th month, kenkyu 3: 1192). • Kumagai no Naozane  becomes Honen's disciple (12th month, kenkyu 3: 1192).(4)• Zen Buddhism is prohibited as demanded by Enryaku-ji (7th month, kenkyu 5: 1194). • Genchi becomes Honen's disciple (kenkyu 6: 1195). • Shoko becomes Honen's disciple (kenkyu 8: 1197). • Honen writes Senchaku Hongan Nembutsu Shu (Passages on the Selection of the Nembutsu in the Original Vow (spring, kenkyu 9: 1198). • Kosai becomes Honen's disciple (1198). • Yosai writes Kozen Gokoku Ron (Propagation of Zen for the Protection of the Country) (1198). |
Emperor Tsuchimikado  (Tamehito, reigned 1.11.1198 to 11.25.1210) |
shoji  |
1199 — 1200 (1201) |
• Yoritomo dies (1st month, shoji 1: 1199). • Yosai goes down to Kamakura, and Yoritomo's legitimate wife, Masako, becomes a devout believer. (1199).(5) • Dogen  , founder of Soto  Zen, is born (1st month, shoji 2: 1200).• Honen attends Kansai's deathbed (2nd month, shoji 2). |
|
kennin  |
1201 — 1203 (1204) |
• Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa calls harlots for the Imayo-awase [a version of Mono-awase, a competition for superiority between "left side" and "right side" teams, with reciting Imayo songs] (21st of 3rd month, kennin 1: 1201). • Shinran's confinement in Rokkakudo (1201). • Shinran becomes Honen's disciple, abandons sundry practices and takes refuge in the Primal Vow (1201). • Kanezane is ordained by Honen (1st month, kennin 2: 1202). • Yosai erects Kennin-ji with support of the Kamakura Bakufu (the ground breaking; 6th month, kennin 2). • Minamoto no Yoriie is appointed a Seii Taishogun (7th month, kennin 2). • Choken passes away (6th of 8th month, kennin 3: 1203). • Hojo Tokimasa and his son depose Yoriie (9th month, kennin 3: 1203) and confine him to Shuzen-ji in Izu. Minamoto no Sanetomo is appointed a Seii Taishogun. The authority of the Hojo is intensified in the Kamakura Bakufu and takes on the character of acting Shogun (1203). |
|
genkyu  |
1204 — 1205 (1206) |
• Mt. Hiei's armed monks appeal to the Tendai Zasu Shinsho  to stop the Nembutsu (10th month, genkyu 1: 1204).• Honen issues Shichikajo Kishomon (Seven Article Pledge) (11th month, genkyu 1). • Shinran is allowed to copy his master Honen's Senchaku Hongan Nembutsu Shu (the wood-ox year of genkyu era: 1205).(6) ⊆ Honen in his own hand inscribes Shinran's copy with the title inside, the words, and Shinran's then name "Shakku  " (14th of 4th month, genkyu 2: 1205). Shinran copys Honen's portrait (on the same day).• Honen writes on the portrait Shinran's new name [inferably, Zenshin  ], to which "Shakku" was changed in accordance with a revelation in a dream (29th of 7th intercalary month, genkyu 2).• Seikaku cures Honen's ailment by his preaching (8th month, genkyu 2). • Kofuku-ji's monks appeal to the Imperial Court to stop the Nembutsu (10th month, genkyu 2). • Seikaku's sermon at the service for Gishumonin  (4th month, genkyu 3: 1206). |
|
kenei  |
1206 (— 1207) |
• Seikaku's sermon at the memorial service for a nephew of Jien (9th month, kenei 1: 1206). |
|
jogen or shogen  |
1207 — 1210 (1211) |
• Religious persecution called Jogen no Honan (1207). ∈ The Nembutsu practice prohibited (2nd month, jogen 1: 1207). Anraku, Juren, and the other two executed. Shinran banished to Echigo.(7) Order for Honen's exile to Tosa issued (3rd month, jogen 1). • Kanezane dies (4th month, jogen 1). • Imperial Order for Honen's pardon is issued (8th of 12th month, jogen 1). • Honen stays at the Kachio-dera (Kachio-ji) in Settsu (1208). |
Emperor Juntoku  (Morinari, reigned 11.25.1210 to 4.20.1221) |
kenryaku  |
1211 — 1212 (1213) |
• Honen is permitted to return to Kyoto (8th month, kenryaku 1: 1211). • Shinran is released from banishment (17th of 11th month, kenryaku 1). • Honen is finally permitted to enter Kyoto (20th of 11th month, kenryaku 1). • Honen begins to live at Higashiyama Otani (1211). • Honen writes Ichimai Kishomon (One Sheet Document) (23rd of 1st month, Kenryaku 2: 1212). • Honen passes away (25th of 1st month, kenryaku 2). • Seikaku's sermon at the hundredth day service for Shunkamonin  (2nd month, kenryaku 2).• Koben (Myoe  ) of Kegon  Buddhism writes Zaijarin to criticize Senchaku Hongan Nembutsu Shu (11th month, kenryaku 2).• Chomei's Hojoki is written (1212). |
|
kenpo  |
1213 — 1218 (1219) |
• Seikaku performs the 7-day Nembutsu service for Honen at Shinnyodo (1st month, kenpo 2: 1214). • While staying in Sanuki, Shinran reflects on his desire of freeing people from the world of suffering through the Merit of his recitation of Jodo Sanbukyo, and stops doing this (1214). • Shinran enters the eastern region frontier Hitachi (1214). • Yosai passes away in Kamakura (5th of 6th month, kenpo 3) or in Kyoto (5th of 7th month, kenpo 3) (kenpo 3: 1215).(8) • Hino Saemonnojo becomes Shinran's disciple (1217). |
|
jokyu  |
1219 — |
• Sanetomo is assassinated at the Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu in Kamakura (1st month, jokyu 1: 1219), and with his death, Minamoto no Yoritomo's direct line comes to an end; the Genji is destroyed. The Hojo regency starts (1219). |
Emperor Chukyo  (Kanenari, reigned 4.20.1221 to 7.9.1221)CE Gotakakura (governed 7.8.1221 [jokyu 3] to 5.14.1223 [joo 2]) (9) |
|
— 1221 (1222) |
• The work of Jien, Gukansho [Jottings of a Fool] in seven-volumes, appears (jokyu 2: 1220). • The development of the military epics (1220). • The Jokyu Disturbance (Cloistered Emperor Gotoba's abortive attempt to overthrow the Kamakura Bakufu) breaks (5th month, jokyu 3: 1221). • Seikaku writes Yuishinsho (Essentials of Faith Alone) (4th of the middle ten days of 8th month [14th of 8th month], jokyu 3). • Yamabushi Bennen becomes Shinran's disciple (1221). • The Tale of the Heike might appear up to this time after the kennin era (1221). • Nichiren  , founder of Nichiren Shu  , is born (1222). |
Emperor Gohorikawa  (Yutahito, reigned 7.9.1221 to 10.4.1232) |
joo  |
1222 — 1223 (1224) |
|
|
gennin  |
1224 (— 1225) |
• Senju Nembutsu (the Single-Minded Recitation of the Nembutsu) is prohibited as demanded by Enryaku-ji (1224). • Kyogyoshinsho (On Teaching, Practice, Faith, And Enlightenment) comes into existence. (1224).(10) |
|
karoku  |
1225 — 1226 (1227) |
• Jien passes away (25th of 9th month, karoku 1: 1225). • Karoku no Honan (karoku 3: 1227). ∈ Mt. Hiei's monks try to exhume Honen's body. The engraving block of Senchaku Hongan Nembutsu Shu burned. Sinran's respected senior Ryukan  and others exiled to distant places. |
|
antei  |
1227 — 1228 (1229) |
• Dogen returns from Sung China, and re-enters into Kennin-ji and writes Fukanzazengi (Universal Recommendation of Zazen) (autumn, 1227). |
|
kangi or kanki  |
1229 — 1231 (1232) |
• Shinran transcribes Yuishinsho (25th of 5th month, kangi 2: 1230). • Nationwide famine of Kangi strikes (1230). • Mighty famine stays, and even the capital, Kyoto, is strewn with the bodies of those who have died of starvation (1231). Trafficking in free people, including children, has become a frequent occurrence.(11) The Kamakura Bakufu interimly condones the trafficking in view of the rampant death from starvation (1231). • His reciting Muryojukyo (the Buddha of Infinite Life Sutra) when delirious with fever makes Shinran realize, again, that man's obsession and dependence on the self-power must be watched out for carefully, reawakening memories of his then desire in Sanuki about 17 years ago (4th month, kangi 3: 1231). |
CE Gohorikawa (governed 10.4.1232 [joei 1] to 8.6.1234 [bunryaku 1]) |
joei  |
1232 (— 1233) |
• Shinran starts on his way back to Kyoto (ca. 1232). • Hojo Yasutoki promulgates Joei Shikimoku (Goseibai Shikimoku of 1232), the legal code for the samurai class (joei 1: 1232). |
Emperor Shijo  (Mitsuhito, reigned 10.4.1232 to 1.9.1242) |
tenpuku  (z) |
1233 (— 1234) |
• At the time, Sarugaku [the prototype of the Noh play] comes into vogue in Kyoto (tenpuku 1: 1233). • Dogen becomes the founder of Kosho-ji in Uji, Yamashiro (1233). • The Kamakura Bakufu prohibits Senju Nembutsu (tenpuku 2: 1234). |
|
bunryaku  |
1234 (— 1235) |
|
|
katei  |
1235 — 1237 (1238) |
• Seikaku passes away (5th of 3rd month, katei 1: 1235). • Shinran returns to Kyoto (ca. 1235). |
|
ryakunin  (y) |
1238 (— 1239) |
|
|
eno  |
1239 (— 1240) |
• Ippen  , founder of Ji Shu  , is born (eno 1: 1239). |
|
ninji  |
1240 — 1242 (1243) |
• Dogen shows "Kokyo  " (Chapter 19 in Shobo Genzo) to monks at Kosho-ji (1241). |
Emperor Gosaga  (Kunihoto, reigned 1.20.1242 to 1.29.1246)CE Gosaga (governed 1.29.1246 [kangen 4] to 2.17.1272 [bunei 9]) |
kangen  |
1243 — 1246 (1247) |
• Dogen relocates to Echizen, and erects Daibutsu-ji (Eihei-ji) (1243). • A conveyance of a presumed maid, Iya-onna (21st of 12th month, kangen 1: 1243). |
Emperor Gofukakusa  (Hisahito, reigned 1.29.1246 to 11.26.1259) |
hoji  |
1247 — 1248 (1249) |
• Genpeijosuiki might appear by this time (1247). • Shinran composes Jodo Wasan (Hymns on the Pure Land) and Koso Wasan (Hymns on the Great Masters) (21st of 1st month, hoji 2: 1248). |
|
kencho  |
1249 — 1255 (1256) |
• Shinran writes Yuishinsho Moni (Notes on 'Essentials of Faith Alone') (1250). • Shinran defuses the misplaced argument in Hitachi over Unen-Munen  [discriminating thought v. the absence of it] (9th intercalary month, kencho 3: 1251).• Shinran expostulates with people in Kanto on their distorted discretion, Zoaku Muge   (chartered evil) (1252).• Nichiren's proclamation of his new gospel with a resounding cry of the Odaimoku (Sacred Title) (4th month, kencho 5: 1253). • The original form of Dogen's Shobo Genzo (Treasury of the Eye of True Teaching) is written (1253). • Dogen passes away at the house of his lay disciple Kakunen  (28th of 8th month, kencho 5).• Shinran enlightens a Nembutsu practitioner from Kasama on the self-power and the Other-Power (3rd of 10th month, kencho 7: 1255). • Shinran's abode at Gojo Nishinotoin suffers from a fire (year-end, 1255).(12) • Choen draws a portrait of Shinran, "Anjo no Miei" (1255). • Shinran renounces his son Zenran for having deceived people in Kanto by claiming falsely that he had been initiated into his father's "true meaning" (29th of 5th month, kencho 8: 1256).(13) |
|
kogen  |
1256 (— 1257) |
• The ten-character Name and the eight-character Name (25th of 10th month, kogen 1: 1256). • The six-character Name and the ten-character Name (28th of 10th month, kogen 1). |
|
shoka  |
1257 — 1258 (1259) |
• Shinran writes Ichinen Tanen Moni (Notes on Once-calling and Many-calling) (1257). • Famine of Shoka starts (1258). |
|
shogen  |
1259 (— 1260) |
• It is said that everyone in the land suffers from hunger and thirst. Nationwide epidemic breaks out (1259). |
Emperor Kameyama  (Tsunehito, reigned 11.26.1259 to 1.26.1274) |
buno  |
1260 (— 1261) |
• Nichiren presents Rissho Ankoku Ron (Treatise on Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Dharma) (1260). |
|
kocho  |
1261 — 1263 (1264) |
• Shinran passes away at Zenpobo (the living quarters of his brother, Tendai monk Jinnu  ) (28th of 11th month, kocho 2: 1262). |
CE Kameyama (governed 1.26.1274 [bunei 11] to 10.21.1287 [koan 10]) |
bunei  |
1264 — 1274 (1275) |
• Mt. Hiei's monks set fire to Onjo-ji (commonly called Mii-dera) (1264). • Nichiren is banished to Sado (1271). • Nichiren is released from banishment (2nd month, bunei 11: 1274), and enters in Mt. Minobu (1274). • The term "ippen (one universality)" being repeated three times in a given verse of epiphany called "Gongen Jikiju  no Ge  " during his confinement in Shosei-den, Ippen changes his then name "Chishin  " to "Ippen," and resolves to spend his life as a wanderer to spread the practice of the Nembutsu (summer, buei 11: 1274).(14)• The Mongolian (Yuan Mongol Dynasty) Expedition against Japan of Bunei (10th month, bunei 11). |
Emperor Gouta  (Yohito, reigned 1.26.1274 to 10.21.1287) |
kenji  |
1275 — 1277 (1278) |
|
CE Gofukakusa (governed 10.21.1287 [koan 10] to 2.11.1290 [shoo 3]) (B) |
koan  |
1278 — 1287 (1288) |
• Ippen begins to dance in religious rapture in Saku, Shinano (winter, koan 2: 1279). • The Mongolian Expedition against Japan of Koan (6th month, koan 4: 1281). • Nichiren passes away at the house of his devout follower Munenaka  in Ikegami, Musashi (13th of 10th month, koan 5: 1282). |
Emperor Fushimi  (Teruhito, reigned 10.21.1287 to 7.22.1298) |
shoo  |
1288 — 1292 (1293) |
• Ippen, who is popularly called "Yugyo Shonin (Wandering Saint)," passes away in a temple building dedicated to Kannon in Hyogotsu, Settsu (23rd of 8th month, shoo 2: 1289). • Tannisho might be compiled by this time (shoo 5: 1292). • A severe earthquake strikes Kanto, and the quake death toll reaches over twenty-three thousand (4th month, Shoo 6: 1293). • A devastating drought (6th - 8th month, Shoo 6). |
CE Fushimi (governed 7.22.1298 [einin 6] to 1.21.1301 [shoan 3]) |
einin  |
1293 — 1298 (1299) |
|
Emperor Gofushimi  (Tanehito, reigned 7.22.1298 to 1.21.1301)CE Gouta (governed 1.21.1301 [shoan 3] to 8.26.1308 [enkyo 1]) |
shoan  |
1299 — 1301 (1301) |
|
Emperor Gonijo  (Kuniharu, reigned 1.21.1301 to 8.25.1308) |
kengen or kangen  |
1302 (— 1303) |
|
|
kagen  |
1303 — 1305 (1306) |
|
|
tokuji  |
1306 — 1307 (1308) |
|
Emperor Hanazono  (Tomihito, reigned 8.26.1308 to 2.26.1318)CE Fushimi (governed 8.26.1308 [enkyo 1] to 10.14.1313 [showa 2]) |
enkyo  |
1308 — 1310 (1311) |
• At the time, Dengaku Noh, the "urban performing-artified" Dengaku [originally, ritual music and dancing performed in association with rice planting] with dramatic elements as in Sarugaku, becomes popular (enkyo 3: 1310). |
|
ocho  |
1311 (— 1312) |
|
CE Gofushimi (governed 10.14.1313 [showa 2] to 2.26.1318 [bunho 2]) |
showa  |
1312 — 1316 (1317) |
|
CE Gouta (governed 2.26.1318 [bunho 2] to 12.9.1321 [genko 1]) |
bunho  |
1317 — 1318 (1319) |
|
Emperor Godaigo  (Takaharu, reigned 2.26.1318 to 8.15.1339) |
geno  |
1319 — 1320 (1321) |
|
|
genko  |
1321 — 1323 (1324) |
• The work of Kokan Shiren, Genkoshakusho in thirty-volumes, appears. (1322). • Gosan Bungaku (Literature of the Five Mountains) rises (1322). |
|
shochu  |
1324 — 1325 (1326) |
|
|
karyaku  |
1326 — 1328 (1329) |
|
|
gentoku  |
1329 — 1330 (1331) |
|
CE Gofushimi (governed 9.20.1331 [genko 1] to 5.17.1333 [genko 3]) (C) ∩ The Northern Dynasty - the first emperor Kogon (Kazuhito, reigned 9.20.1331 to 5.17.1333) |
genko ∩ Shokyo or Shokei |
1331 — 1333 (1334) ∩ 1332 — 1333 (Kogon deposed, Era name restored to genko) |
• The Kamakura Bakufu is overthrown (1333). |
∩ TND - Komyo (Toyohito, reigned 8.15.1336 [kenmu 3] to 10.27.1348) |
kenmu |
1334 — 1335 (1336) |
∩ The period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties starts (kenmu 3: 1336). |
Long ago, I, a monk of miserable accomplishment, chanced to read this book by Shan-tao and came to understand its meaning in a rough and general manner. Thereupon I definitively abandoned the other practices and took refuge in the Nembutsu. From then on, up to the present day, both as my own practice and as my teaching to others, I have concentrated on the Nembutsu alone.(1) Toshihide Akamatsu, "Shinran to Sono Jidai" in Tanjo 800nen Kinen 'Shinran Shonin Ten' [The "Shinran Shonin Exhibition" to commemorate the 800th Anniversary of Shinran's birth] (Japan: Asahi Shinbun Sha, 1973).
Morris J. Augustine and Tessho Kondo trs., Senchaku Hongan Nembutsu Shu: A Collection of Passages on the Nembutsu Chosen in the Original Vow, Copytext: Taisho, Volume 83, Number 2608 (Berkeley, California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 1997), p. 140.
, the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial House). Therefore, their reign periods were overlapped.
(Chanyuan Qinggui) compiled in 1103 by Choro Sosaku 
(Changlu Zongze) in his paper entitled "Yosai to 'Kozen Gokoku Ron' no Kadai" in Hakugen Ichikawa, Yoshitaka Iriya, and Seizan Yanagida nns., Kozen Gokoku Ron, Kyoun Shu, Genten Nihonbukkyo no Shiso 10 (Japan: Iwanami Shoten, 1991).It is indeed an incomparable and supreme collection of fine passages, an unsurpassed and profound scripture. Out of the thousands of people who received his teaching, personally or otherwise, over many days and years, very few were allowed to read and copy this book. Nevertheless, I was allowed to copy it and also make a copy of Genku's portrait.(7) The "Honganji (Hongwanji)" abridged chronological table in 500kaiki Kinen To Zai Godo Tokubutsu Tenrankai 'Rennyo to Honganji' [The "Rennyo and Hongwanji" Special Exhibition, the first joint exhibition of the Nishi Hongwanji and Higashi Honganji temples, to commemorate the 500th Anniversary of Rennyo's death] (Kyoto National Museum, 1998) says that it was early in the second month in the first year of jogen when Shinran was banished to Echigo.
Hisao Inagaki tr., Kyogyoshinsho: On Teaching, Practice, Faith, And Enlightenment (Berkeley, California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2003), pp. 337-338.
From that year with the [cyclical sign] "water-monkey" [by a combination of the ninth of the ten calendar signs and the ninth of the twelve zodiac signs] to the first year of gennin with the [cyclical sign] "wood-monkey" [by a combination of the first of the ten calendar signs and the ninth of the twelve zodiac signs] in this country, it is two thousand one hundred and eighty-three years.The first year of gennin is 1224.
(Genpo Hoshino, Mitsuyuki Ishida, and Saburo Ienaga nns., Shinran Kyogyoshinsho, Genten Nihonbukkyo no Shiso 6 [Japan: Iwanami Shoten, 1990], p. 217.)
" means "period" or "time"), which was, initially, an assemblage of itinerant Nembutsu practitioners who wandered throughout the country chanting Amida's sacred Name and teaching the people of its marvelous, salvific efficacy.
" that the Shinto gods are earthly manifestations or incarnations of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, when seeing the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas as the original state of the gods. The given verse of epiphany, "Gongen JIkiju no Ge ," is also called "Rokujumannin 
no Ju 
" by taking each of the opening kanji characters of its four phrases as seen below.
, a celestial object that might be mistaken for a comet, in the first month of genryaku 2 (1185), from which a "red air" emanated like a streamer flag and on which Kanezane was debriefed by Abe no Hiromoto, an expert astronomer/astrologer belonging to the Astronomy/Astrology Division of Onyoryo (the Department of the Yin and Yang that had control over all the official magico-scientific and magico-religious practices and educations). According to Murayama, the apparition of this celestial object attracted public attention and aroused much controversy in the Yin and Yang world.
[also read as Keiwaku] in the records written in the Kamakura period, including Gyokuyo).
- Eastern provinces.
Tosan 
no shokoku (provinces of Eastern Sea and Eastern Mountain)" appear in the imperial order, what is termed "Jugatsu Senji" (10th month, juei 2: 1183), by which Yoritomo's administrative authority over the eastern provinces was granted, and the parts west of Hakone, for example, various provinces along the Tokai-do (Eastern Sea Highroad), can be included as a part of Togoku when referring to Yoritomo's dominance of Togoku. According to Masaharu Kawai, the designation "togoku" in the Kamakura period was used commonly to divide Japan into roughly two parts, east and west, though there were situational variations in the range of Togoku and Saigoku. Briefly, centering around Kinai, all parts east of Kinai was Togoku and all parts west of Kinai was Saigoku. (Masaharu Kawai, "Kamakura Bushidan no Kozo" in Iwanami Koza Nihon Rekishi 5 Chusei 1 [Japan: Iwanami Shoten, 1967], p. 229.)
" meaning "to endanger the people and take them," and many people died.
• Emperor and Christian Year clumns ---
cf. The "Cultural History of Japan" chronological table with a comparative time chart of Christian and Japanese eras and a list of emperors in the appendix to Kyosuke Kindaichi and Haruhiko Kindaichi comps., Meikai Kogo Jiten [The Lucid Dictionary of Archaic Words], New Edition, Twenty-third Printing (Japan: Sanseido, 1964).
cf. The "History of Japanese Literature" chronological table classified by periods with a comparative time chart of Christian and Japanese eras and a list of emperors in the appendix to Akira Muramatsu and Akiho Yamaguchi and Toshimasa Wada eds., Kogo Jiten [The Dictionary of Archaic Words], Revised and New Edition (Japan: Obun Sha, 1988).
cf. The list of the cloistered Emperors of Japan in Akira Muramatsu ed., Daijirin, Second and Desk Edition (Japan: Sanseido, 1995).
cf. The list of the cloistered Emperors of Japan in Iwanami Koza Nihon Rekishi 4 Kodai 4 (Japan: Iwanami Shoten, 1967).
cf. The list of the successive Emperors of Japan, the list of the cloistered Emperors of Japan, and the Occidental-Chinese-Japanese comparative chronological table in Rekishi Techo 1995, (Japan: Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1995).
• Japanese Buddhidm clumn ---
cf. Azumakagami.
cf. The chronological table of Kamakura Period at the end of Agency for Cultural Affairs, Nohon no Bijutsu, volume 181 [1981.6], feature issue: Kamakura-jidai no Sho (Japan: Shibundo).
cf. "Eshinni Shosoku [Letters of the Nun Eshinni]" in Mizumaro Ishida nn., Shinran Zenshu, Supplementary Volume (Japan: Shunju Sha, 1987).
cf. Genkoshakusho.
cf. Genpeijosuiki.
cf. Gyokuyo.
cf. Hojoki [An Account of My Hut].
cf. The "Honganji (Hongwanji)" abridged chronological table in 500kaiki Kinen To Zai Godo Tokubutsu Tenrankai 'Rennyo to Honganji' (Kyoto National Museum, 1998).
cf. Iwanami Koza Nihon Rekishi 4 Kodai 4 (Japan: Iwanami Shoten, 1967).
cf. Iwanami Koza Nihon Rekishi 5 Chusei 1 (Japan: Iwanami Shoten, 1967).
cf. The Jodo Shu Research Institute, Jodo Shu, A Daily Reference (Japan: Jodo Shu Press, 1999).
cf. Jonathan Watts and Yoshiharu Tomatsu eds., op. cit.
cf. "Kaisetsu [Exposition]" in Genpo Hoshino, Mitsuyuki Ishida, and Saburo Ienaga nns., Shinran Kyogyoshinsho, Genten Nihonbukkyo no Shiso 6 (Japan: Iwanami Shoten, 1990).
cf. Masahide Sato, "Hisohizoku wo Megutte [Centering on "Being neither a priest nor a layman"]," Bukkyo, independent volume 1 [1988.11], feature issue: Shinran (Japan: Hozokan).
cf. Meigetsuki [Chronicle of the Bright Moon].
cf. Mitsuo Tanahashi, "Jinshinbaibai-bunsho to Yokyoku Sumidagawa," op. cit.
--- As of April 5th, 2010, the Web site of Kagawa Daigaku Gakujutsu Joho Repository (Open Library Archives of Kagawa University) OLIVE publishes and offers the findings of the academic research produced at Kagawa University, including the PDF edition of Mitsuo Tanahashi's "Jinshinbaibai-bunsho to Yokyoku Sumidagawa" (1979) uploaded onto this repository on December 21, 2009, through the Internet to the public.
"Kagawa Daigaku Gakujutsu Joho Repository" [Japanese] URL: http://www.lib.kagawa-u.ac.jp/www/repository/repo_index.html
Tanahashi's PDF URL: http://www.lib.kagawa-u.ac.jp/metadb/up/AN00038157/AN00038157_16_77.pdf [Japanese]
cf. Narisukeoki.
cf. Sho-on Hattori, A Raft From the Other Shore: Honen and the way of Pure Land Buddhism (Japan: Jodo Shu Press, 2000).
cf. Shuichi Murayama, op. cit.
cf. Shunsho Terakawa, op. cit.
cf. Shuyu Kanaoka, Koyu Tamura, and Akira Suganuma, "Bukky," op. cit.
cf. Sonpibunmyaku.
cf. Tanjo 800nen Kinen 'Shinran Shonin Ten' (Japan: Asahi Shinbun Sha, 1973).
cf. Tetsuo Yamaori, Nihon Bukkyoshiso no Genryu [The origins of the Japanese Buddhistic thought] (Japan: Kodan Sha, 1987).
cf. Tsuneyuki Kawasaki, "Kamakura Bukkyo," op. cit.
cf. The "Yosai (Eisai)" abridged chronological table in Hakugen Ichikawa, Yoshitaka Iriya, and Seizan Yanagida nns., Kozen Gokoku Ron, Kyoun Shu, Genten Nihonbukkyo no Shiso 10 (Japan: Iwanami Shoten, 1991).
cf. Yoshimi Yuasa, "Notes on Earthquakes in the Kamakura Era Mentioned in 'Azuma-kagami,'" op. cit.
--- As of April 5th, 2010, the Web site of Saitama Gakuen Daigaku Joho Media Center (Information Media Center, Saitama Gakuen University) publishes and offers all the issues of Saitama Gakuen Daigaku Kiyo (Bulletin of Saitama Gakuin University, Faculty of Humanities), which include Yoshimi Yuasa's papers (2001-2009), through the Internet to the public.
"Saitama Gakuen Daigaku Kiyo" [Japanese] URL: http://www.media.saigaku.ac.jp/bulletin/index.html
Yuasa's PDF URL: http://www.media.saigaku.ac.jp/bulletin/pdf/vol8/human/03_yuasa.pdf [Japanese]
cf. Yoshimi Yuasa, "Notes on Earthquakes Mentioned in 'Gyokuyo' - Kujo Kanezane's diary," op. cit.
--- As of April 5th, 2010, Yuasa's PDF URL: http://www.media.saigaku.ac.jp/bulletin/pdf/vol9/human/04_yuasa.pdf [Japanese]
cf. Zenno Ishigami comp. and ed., Taisho University, Bukkyo no Ningengaku (Japan: Suzuki Shuppan, 1991).
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